铜合金(copper alloy )以纯铜为基体加入一种或几种其他元素所构成的合金。纯铜呈紫红色﹐又称紫铜。纯铜密度为8.96﹐熔点为1083℃﹐具有优良的导电性﹑导热性﹑延展性和耐蚀性。主要用于制作发电机﹑母线﹑电缆﹑开关装置﹑变压器等电工器材和热交换器﹑管道﹑太阳能加热装置的平板集热器等导热器材。常用的铜合金分为黄铜﹑青铜﹑白铜3大类。
黄铜以锌作主要添加元素的铜合金﹐具有美观的黄色﹐统称黄铜。铜锌二元合金称普通黄铜或称简单黄铜。三元以上的黄铜称特殊黄铜或称复杂黄铜。含锌低于36%的黄铜合金由固溶体组成﹐
具有良好的冷加工性能﹐如含锌30%的黄铜常用来制作弹壳﹐俗称弹壳黄铜或七三黄铜。含锌在36~42%之间的黄铜合金由和固溶体组成﹐其中常用的是含锌40%的六四黄铜。为了改善普通黄铜的性能﹐常添加其他元素﹐如铝﹑镍﹑锰﹑锡﹑硅﹑铅等。铝能提高黄铜的强度﹑硬度和耐蚀性﹐但使塑性降低﹐适合作海轮冷凝管及其他耐蚀零件。锡能提高黄铜的强度和对海水的耐腐性﹐故称海军黄铜﹐用作船舶热工设备和螺旋桨等。铅能改善黄铜的切削性能﹔这种易切削黄铜常用作钟表零件。黄铜铸件常用来制作和管道配件等。船舶常用的消防栓防爆月牙扳手,就是黄铜加铝铸造而成。
青铜原指铜锡合金﹐后除黄铜﹑白铜以外的铜合金均称青铜﹐并常在青铜名字前冠以主要添加元素的名。锡青铜的铸造性能﹑减摩性能好和机械性能好﹐适合于制造轴承﹑蜗轮﹑齿轮等。铅青铜是现代发动机和磨床广泛使用的轴承材料。铝青铜强度高﹐耐磨性和耐蚀性好﹐用于铸造高载荷的齿轮﹑轴套﹑船用螺旋桨等。铍青铜和磷青铜的弹性极限高﹐导电性好﹐适于制造精密弹簧和电接触元件﹐铍青铜还用来制造煤矿﹑油库等使用的无火花工具。
国际标准化铜合金
Cu-CATH Cu-ETP Cu-FRHC Cu-HCP Cu-PHC Cu-PHCE Cu-DLP Cu-DHP Cu-OF Cu-OFE Cu-Ag(OF) Cu-Ag Cu-Ag(P) Cu-OFE Cu-PHCE CuAg0.05 CuAg0.1 CuAg0.05(of) CuAg0.1(OF) CuAg0.05(P) CuAg0.1(p) CuCd1 CuCr1 CuCr1Zr Cus(p0.01) Cus(p0.01) Cus(p0.03) CuTe CuTe(P) CuZn5 CuZn10 CuZn15 CuZn20 CuZn30 CuZn37 CuZn40 CuZn32pb1 CuZn36pb CuZn35pb1 CuZn34pb2 CuZn37pb1 CuZn37pb2 CuZn36pb3 CuZn10pb CuZn3**b3 CuZn38pb4 CuZn43pb2 CuZn20Al2 CuZn28Sn1 CuZn30As CuZn31Si1 CuZn37Sn1pb1 CuZn38Sn1 CuZn37Mn3Al2si CuZn39AlFeMn CuSn2 CuSn4 CuSn5 CuSn6 CuSn8 CuSnp CuSn4zn2 CuSn4Pb4zn3
CuAl5 CuAl7 CuAl8 CuAl7Fe3Sn CuAl7Si2 CuAl8Fe3 CuAl9Fe4Ni4 CuAl9Mn2 CuAl9Ni3Fe2 CuAl10Fe3 CuAl10Ni5Fe4 CuNi9Si2 CuNi25 CuNi10Fe1Mn CuNi30Mn1Fe CuNi30Fe2Mn2 CuNi44Mn1 CuNi18zn20 CuNi18zn27 CuNi15zn21 CuNi12zn24 CuNi12zn29 CuNi18zn1**b1 CuNi10zn28pb1 CuNi10zn42pb2 CuBe1.7 CuBe2 CuBe2pb CuCo2Be CuNi2Be CuNi1Si CuNi2Si CuPb1 CuSi1 CuSi3Mn1 GCuZn33Pb2 GCuZn40Pb GCuZn36AlFeMn GCuZn36Al4Fe3Mn3 GCuZn25Al6Fe3Mn3 GCuAl9 GCuAl10Fe3 GCuAl10Fe5Ni5 GCuSn12 GCuSn12Ni2 GCuSn12pb2 GCuSn10 GCuSn10p GCuSn11p GCupb9Sn5 GCupb10Sn10 GCupb15Sn8 GCupb20Sn5 GCuSn8pb2 GCuSn10zn2 GCuSnpb5Sn5zn5 GCuSn7pb7Zn3OZ
Cu-ETP(CW004A) Cu-FRTP(CW006A) Cu-OF(CW008A) Cu-HCP(CW021A)CuAl10Fe3Mn2 Cu-DLP(CW023A) Cu-DHP(CW024A) CuAl50A(CM344G) CuAl50B(CM345G) CuAs30(CM200E) CuB2(CM121C) CuBe4(CM122C) CuCo10(CM237E) CuCo15(CM201E) CuCr10(CM202E) CuFe10A(CM203E) CuFe10B(CM204E) CuFe15(CM213E) CuFe20A(CM205E) CuFe20B(CM206E) CuLi2(CM123C) CuMg10(CM238E) CuAl10Fe1 CuMg20(CM207E) CuMg30A(CM209E) CuMg30B(CM210E) CuMn50(CM211E) CuAl8Fe3 CuNi30(CM390H) CuNi50(CM239H) CuP10A(CM215E) CuP19B(CM216E) CuAl7Si2 CuP15A(CM217E) CuP15B(CM218E) CuP15C(CM219E) CuS20(CM230E) CuAl6Si2Fe CuSi10A(CM231E) CuSi10B(CM232E) CuSi20A(CM233E) CuSi20B(CM234E) CuSn6 CuSi30A(CM240E) CuSi30B(CM241E) CuTi30(CM244E) CuZr50A(CM236E)CuSn5 CuZr50B(CM242E) CuZr50C(CM243E) Cu-ETP1(CW003A) Cu-ETP(CW004A) CuSn4 Cu-FRHC(CW005A) Cu-OF1(CW007A) Cu-OF(CW008A) Cu-OFE(CW009A) CuAl9Ni3Fe2 CuAg0.04(CW011A) CuAg0.07(CW012A) CuAg0.10(CW013A) CuAg0.04P(CW014A) CuAg0.07P(CW015A) CuAg0.10P(CW016A) CuAg0.04OF(CW017A) Cu-PHC(CW020A) CuAg0.07OF(CW018A) CuAg0.10OF(CW019A) Cu-HCP(CW021A) Cu-PHCE(CW022A) CuBe1.7(CW100C) CuBe2(CW101C) CuBe2Pb(CW102C) CuCo1Ni1Be(CW103C) CuSn8 CuCo2Be(CW104C) CuCr1(CW105C) CuCr1Zr(CW106C) CuFe2p(CW107C) CuNi25 CuNi1P(CW108C) CuNi1Si(CW109C) CuNi2Be(CW110C) CuNi2Si(CW111C) CuSn3Zn9 CuNi3Si1(CW112C) CuBe2Pb(CW113C) CuSp(CW114C) CuSi1(CW115C) CuNi9Sn2 CuSi3Mn(CW116C) CuSn0.15(CWC117C) CuTeP(CW118C) CuZn0.5(CW119C) CuZr CuAlAs CuAl10Ni5Fe4 CuAl11Fe6Ni6 CuNi10Fe1Mn CuNi30Fe2Mn2 CuNi30Mn1Fe CuNi7Zn3**b3Mn2 CW120C CW300G CW301G CW302G CW303G CW304G CW305G CW306G CW307G CW308G CW350H CW351H CW353H CW354H CW400J CuNi10Zn27 CuNi12Zn24 CuNi10Zn42pb2 CuNi12Zn25pb1 CuNi12Zn30pb1 CuNi12Zn38Mn5pb2 CuNi18Zn20 CuNi18Zn1**b1 CuNi18Zn27 CuSn4pb2p CuSn8p CuSn8pbp CuZn5 CuZn10 CuZn15 CuZn20 CuZn30 CuZn33 CW401J CW402J CW403J CW404J CW406J CW407J CW408J CW409J CW410J CW450K CW451K CW452K CW453K CW454K CW455K CW459K CW460K CW550L CW501L CW502L CW503L CW505L CW506L CuZn36 CuZn37 CuZn40 CuZn35Pb1 CuZn35pb2 CuZn36pb2As CuZn36pb3 CuZn37pb0.5 CuZn37pb1 CuZn37pb2 CuZn38pb1 CuZn38pb2 CuZn38pb4 CuZn3**b0.5 CuZn3**b1 CuZn3**b2 CuZn3**b2Sn CuZn3**b3 CuZn3**b3Sn CW507L CW508L CW509L CW600N CW601N CW602N CW603N CW604N CW605N CW606N CW607N CW608N CW609N CW610N CW611N CW612N CW613N CW614N CW615N CuZn40pb1Al CuZn40pb2 CuZn40pb2Al CuZn43pb2 CuZn40pb2Sn CuZn41pb1Al CuZn42pbAl CuZn43pb1Al CuZn43pb2Al CuZn19Sn CuZn13Al1Ni1Si1 CuZn20Al2As CuZn23A13Co CuZn23Al16Mn4Fe3Pb CuZn28Sn1As CuZn25Al5Fe2Mn2Pb CuZn30As CuZn31Si1 CuZn32pb2AsFeSi CW616N CW617N CW618N CW619N CW620N CW621N CW622N CW623N CW624N CW700R CW701R CW702N CW703R CW704R CW705R CW706R CW707R CW708R CW709R CuZn35Ni3Mn2AlPb CW710R CuZn36pb2Sn1 CuZn36Sn1pb CuZn37pb1Sn1 CuZn38AlFeNipbSn CuZn39Sn1 CuZn38Mn1Al CuZn38Sn1As CuZn39Mn1AlPbSi CuZn40Mn1Pb1 CuZn40Mn1pb1AlFeSn CuZn40Mn1pb1FeSn CuZn40Mn2Fe1 CW711R CW712R CW713R CW714R CW715R CW716R CW717R CW718R CW719R CW720R CW721R CW722R CW723R CC040A CC140C CB750S CC750S CB751S CC751S CB753S CC753S CB754S CC754S CB755S CC755S CB760S CC760S CB761S CC761S CB762S CC762S CB763S CC763S CB764S CC764S CB765S CC765S CB766S CC766S CB767S CC767S CB480K CC480K CB481K CC481K CB482K CC482K CB483K CC483K CB484K CC484K CB490K CC490K CB491K CC491K CB492K CC492K CB493K CC493K CB494K CC494K CB495K CC495K CB496K CC496K CB497K CC497K CB498K CC498K CB330G CC330G CB331G CC331G CB332G CC332G CB333G CC333G CB334G CC334G CC212E CB380H CC380H CC382H CB381H CC381H CC383H CF004A CF008A CF024A CR001A CR02A CR003A CR004A CR005A CR006A CR007A CR008A CR009A CR011A CR012A CR013A CR014A CR015A CR016A CR017A CR018A CR019A CR020A CR021A CR022A CR023A CR024A CR025A HMn62-3-3-0.7 QTe0.5 BZn15-20 ZQMnD12-8-3 ZQMnD12-8-3-2 YZCuZn40Pb YZCuZn16Si4 YZCuZn30Al13 YZCuZn35Al2Mn2Fe CM344G CM345G CM200G CM121C CM122C