鹿角椅内藏着满清什么家法？（古董拍卖）

故宫博物院共藏有五件造型各不相同的鹿角椅，其所用鹿角，取自清代狩猎活动所获之鹿。以鹿角制为宝座，内蕴不忘骑射根本，铭记满州源流之意。

The Palace Museum contains five antler chairs with different shapes. The antlers used in the chairs were taken from deer captured by the royal hunting activities in the Qing Dynasty. Taking the antler system as the throne, we will never forget the essence of riding and shooting, and remember the origin of Manchuria.

清 鹿角圈椅

目前我国已知存世的鹿角椅共七件：沈阳故宫博物院藏一件皇太极时期的鹿角圈椅，内蒙古自治区博物馆藏一件札萨克鹿角椅，其余五件均藏于故宫博物院。仔细考索这些鹿角椅的相关文献，发现其在宫廷家具中确属特的存在。

At present, there are seven deer-horned chairs known to exist in China: one deer-horned ring chair in the period of Emperor Taiji in Shenyang Palace Museum, one Zazak deer-horned chair in the Museum of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the other five in the Palace Museum. After carefully examining the relevant literature of these antler chairs, it is found that they are indeed unique in court furniture.

《活计档》中所见鹿角椅
The Antler Chair Seen in the Workbook File
故宫博物院所藏的五件鹿角椅皆为全鹿角椅，即除去座面和背板，主要构件皆以鹿角制成。这五件鹿角椅中，有三件为康熙朝制作的，另两件是乾隆朝制作的。

The five antler chairs hidden in the Palace Museum are all full antler chairs, i.e. the main components are made of antlers, except the seat and back plates. Of the five antler chairs, three were made in the Kangxi Dynasty and the other two were made in the Qianlong Dynasty.

康熙朝制鹿角椅·与故宫藏品对应——三件

图一 清康熙 鹿角椅

件故宫博物院所藏鹿角椅中有两件在背板处刻有乾隆皇帝御制诗《恭咏皇祖鹿角椅》，御制诗的题首表明这两件鹿角椅为康熙时期制作的。件鹿角椅（图一）靠背边框及扶手为整对鹿角构成，背板黑漆边框，内镶楠木心板，板上起线圆光，中有阴刻填青乾隆皇帝《恭咏皇祖鹿角椅》御制诗一首，落款为「乾隆癸未夏六月御题」。落款下有篆书「乾隆宸翰」方形白文印一、篆书「得象外意」方形朱文印一。鹿角椅座面呈三角形，亦为黑漆边框，堵头处装雕云纹紫檀木一块。乾隆二十八年七月初一日油木作《活计档》中对「鹿角宝座」圆光、线脚、压边等细节的描述均与该鹿角椅相符，因此确认二者即为同一物。

Two of the first antler chairs in the Palace Museum are inscribed on the back with the Emperor Qianlong's imperial poem "Commenting on the Emperor's Antler Chair". The title of the imperial poem indicates that the two antler chairs were made in Kangxi period. The first antler chair (Fig. 1) is composed of a pair of antlers, with black lacquer border on the back, Nanmu core board inlaid, and round line on the board. There is an imperial poem written by Emperor Qing Qianlong's "Gongyong Emperor's Antler Chair", which was inscribed as "Emperor Qianlong's theme of June before summer". The seal book "Qianlong Chenhan" is printed in square and white, and the seal book "Get Imagine the Implication" is printed in square and Zhu. The antler chair is triangular in shape and also has a black lacquer border. A moire red sandalwood block is carved at the plug. On July 1, 28, Qianlong's oil and wood work "Workbook File" described the details of the "antler throne" such as round light, line foot, blank holder and so on, which were consistent with the antler chair, so it was confirmed that they were the same thing.

图二 清康熙 鹿角椅

第二件另一件刻有御制诗的鹿角椅（图二）作圈椅造型，椅圈为整对鹿角，靠背以两支经过裁截的鹿角夹抵紫檀木心板，心板上下皆装雕云头牙子，板上有阴刻填香乾隆皇帝《恭咏皇祖鹿角椅》御制诗一首，落款为「乾隆壬辰季夏中澣御题」。鹿角椅座面为花梨木心板，侧缘包镶牛角片，勒以象牙阳线，做出双混面。面下四腿各以半支鹿角成做，叉尖直抵座面之下。座前随附包牛角边腰圆形花梨木面心脚踏一只，脚踏短足亦用鹿角制成。

Another antler chair engraved with imperial poems (Fig. 2) is shaped as a circle chair. The chair circle is a pair of antlers. The backrest of the chair is clamped with two truncated antlers against the heart board of rosewood. Cloud-headed teeth are carved above and below the heart board. On the board, there is an imperial poem of Emperor Qianlong's Gongyong Emperor's Antler's Antler Chair, which is inscribed as the title of "Emperor Qianlong's Emperor's Emperor's Song on Empero Antler chair seat surface is Huali wood core board, side edge wrapped with ox horn piece, Le ivory Yang line, make a double-mixed surface. The four legs under the face are made of half antlers, and the tip of the fork is directly below the seat surface. In front of the seat is attached a circular rosewood face pedal with ox horn edge, and a short foot is also made of deer horn.

图二 清康熙 鹿角椅中乾隆御制诗文局部

第三件鹿角椅（图三）形制特：为圆后背交椅式，楠木为胎骨，靠背心板及各处雕云头角牙为象牙材质，其余各处表面皆用鹿角片包镶。转轴、前腿上半部、脚踏面皆以铜活包镶，交椅结构的牢固与稳定。此椅完全隐去鹿角之形，将鹿角之材化入传统交椅之中，可谓在鹿角椅中树一帜。

The third antler chair (Fig. 3) is unique in shape: round back cross chair, Nanmu as the skeleton, backrest plate and cloud-capped horn teeth carved everywhere as ivory material, the rest of the surface are encased with antlers. The rotating axle, the upper part of the front leg and the foot tread are all encased with copper flexible wrap to ensure the stability and firmness of the structure of the chair. This chair completely concealed the shape of antlers and transformed the material of antlers into the traditional cross-chair, which is unique in the antler chair.

图三 清康熙 鹿角交椅（正面） 

这件鹿角交椅少已经有了两件同样形制的乾隆朝「版」，而通过乾隆皇帝传谕照样仿制鹿角交椅的记录也可以发现。这件鹿角交椅陈设于避暑山庄，具体地点为避暑山庄的梨花伴月——这是避暑山庄康熙三十六景中的第十四景。梨花伴月正殿五间，匾为康熙御笔「梨花伴月」，此鹿角椅应是作为宝座被陈设于该殿明间。

This antler chair has at least two copies of the Qianlong Dynasty in the same shape, which can also be found by imitating the record of the antler chair in the biography of the Emperor Qianlong. This antler chair is furnished at the Summer Resort, which is located in the Pear Blossom accompanying the Moon - the fourteenth of the thirty-six scenic spots of Kangxi Mountain Resort. There are five main halls with pear flowers accompanying the moon. The plaque is "Pear flowers accompanying the moon" written by Emperor Kangxi. This antler chair should be displayed as a throne in the hall.

图三 清康熙 鹿角交椅（侧面） 

而从前述两件刻有御制诗的鹿角椅的陈设状况来看，康熙时期的鹿角椅似乎都被有意陈设于避暑山庄康熙三十六景内的建筑中，故此鹿角交椅虽然没有御制诗文为证，但就其陈设地点而言，并结合其工艺特征，可以合理推测这件鹿角交椅也应是一件制作于康熙时期的家具。

From the above two pieces of antler chairs engraved with imperial poems, it seems that the antler chairs of Kangxi period were intentionally displayed in the 36 scenery buildings of Kangxi Mountain Resort. Therefore, although there is no evidence of imperial poems and essays, it can be reasonably inferred that the antler chair should also be made in Kangxi period as far as the location of its display and its technological characteristics are concerned. Furniture.