：狮纽双龙四方香薰炉，英国拍卖

宣德炉，是明代宣德年间设计制造的铜香炉，简称“宣炉”。它是中国历史上次运用黄铜铸成的铜器。为制作的铜炉，在宣德皇帝的亲自督促下，整个制作过程，包括炼铜、造型自《宣和博古图》《考古图》等典籍及内府密藏的数百件宋元名窑中，精选出符合适用对象、款制大雅的形制，将之绘成图样，呈给皇上亲览，并说明图款的来源和典故的出处，经过筛选确定后，再铸成实物样品让宣宗过目，满意后方准开铸。宣德炉妙在色，其色内融，从黯淡中发奇光。史料记载有四十多种色泽，为世人钟爱，其色的名称很多

Xuande stove is a copper incense stove designed and manufactured during the reign of Xuande in Ming Dynasty, referred to as "Xuande stove". It is the first time in Chinese history that brass is used to cast bronze. In order to make a fine copper stove, under the personal supervision of Emperor Xuande, the whole production process, including copper smelting and modelling, must be selected from hundreds of classics such as Xuanhe Bogutu, Archaeological Maps, and hundreds of famous kilns in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, which are well suited to the applicable objects and elegant styles, and then painted into patterns, presented to the Emperor for his personal inspection, and explained the source of the drawings and the origin of the allusions. After screening and confirmation, the material sample is recast for Xuanzong to see, and the casting is allowed to start after satisfying. Xuande Furnace is the best in color, its color melts in, from the gloom in a strange light. Historical records show that there are more than forty colors, which are beloved by the world. There are many names of colors.



焚香习俗在我国有着悠久的历史，通常人们为了礼仪将衣服薰香，更多的是古代文人雅士喜欢在读书、写字的书房内，焚上一柱香，营造“红袖添香夜读书”的意境。因此，早在汉代以前就出现陶、瓷、铜、铁、瓦为材料制成的香炉。元末明初随着铜器铸造业的迅速发展，原先其它材料的香炉，逐渐被铜香炉所取代，明代宣德年间是铜香炉制作的阶段。Incense-burning custom has a long history in our country. Usually people incense clothes for etiquette. More ancient scholars like to burn a column of incense in the study of reading and writing to create the artistic conception of "red sleeves add incense to night reading". Therefore, incense burners made of pottery, porcelain, copper, iron and tile appeared as early as the Han Dynasty. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, with the rapid development of bronze casting industry, the incense stoves of other materials were gradually replaced by the incense stoves of copper. Xuande period of Ming Dynasty was the peak stage of making the incense stoves of copper.

大明宣德炉是明代工艺品中的珍品，宣德炉的铸造成功，开了后世铜炉的先河，在很长一段历史中，宣德炉成为铜香炉的通称。宣德炉造形古朴典雅，表现了中国人抽象美学与单纯概念，这是具象繁复的炉款所无法比拟的。欣赏宣德炉就跟欣赏维纳斯雕像一样，会不会欣赏，得看您有无美感。美感强的人会觉得宣炉造形很美，欠缺美感的人觉得是破铜烂铁。其制作规矩匀整，方圆适度，显示了中国人高超的铸造工艺技术，诚如出自鬼斧神工者。换言之，宣炉不但是艺术品也是高精密制品。宣炉的造型有数十种，每种造型均经明宣宗「御定器式」后，「付外照册施行」。但是后来并未留下图样与尺寸，现代人已无法依造型来检验真伪了。

Xuande stove in Daming Dynasty is a treasure of Ming Dynasty crafts. The successful founding of Xuande stove opened the pioneer of copper stove in later generations. In a long period of history, Xuande stove became the general name of copper incense stove. The shape of Xuande stove is simple and elegant, which reflects Chinese Abstract aesthetics and simple concepts, which is incomparable with the complicated stove style. Appreciating Xuande Stove is like appreciating the statue of Venus. Whether you appreciate it depends on your aesthetic feeling. People with strong aesthetic sense will feel that Xuanhua furnace is beautiful in shape, while those without aesthetic sense will feel that it is broken copper and iron. Its production rules are uniform and the square circle is moderate, which shows the Chinese people's superb casting technology, just like the artisans of ghosts and axes. In other words, Xuanfu is not only a work of art, but also a high-precision product. There are dozens of shapes of Xuanfu, each of which is implemented by Xuanzong's "imperial instrument style" after "paying out the photo album". However, there were no patterns and sizes left behind. Modern people can no longer verify the authenticity according to the shape.



虽然不少宣德年款的铜炉在各大拍卖场上动辄过千万元，但现在存世的宣德炉，没有一只是得到大家公认的明宣德本朝铸造的标准器，也就是大家所说的到代“真宣”，甚至台北故宫几只从紫禁城乾清宫带过去的流传有序的炉子，文博界对其年代都充满争议。鉴别真假宣德炉，已经成为中国文物界的一宗“悬案”。

Although many bronze stoves in Xuande's reign have been sold for tens of millions of yuan at various auction sites, none of the existing ones are recognized as the standard ones made in the Ming and Xuande dynasties, that is to say, the "Zhenxuan" of the Ming and Xuande dynasties, and even several stoves circulated orderly from the Forbidden City Qianqing Palace in the Taipei Palace Museum in the past. The cultural and Expo circles are full of controversy about their age. To identify the true and false Xuandelu has become a "suspended case" in Chinese cultural circles.



宣德炉是中国次用黄铜所铸造的铜器，其主要原料是暹逻进贡的”风磨铜”，这是一种天然黄铜，再加倭铅(锌之古称)、红铜、锡及水银等三十多种原料，经过十二次的冶炼（少六炼），每斤(十六两)原料只得四两成品，其铜质之佳，，以手叩之成金石之声，任何他器不能比拟；以手握之有压手之感，其比重与黄金相似，因此不少收藏者认为宣德炉中含金。有些人认为有些铜炉表面的“雪花金”斑点就是铜质中含金的体现。“雪花金”是一种色斑，不是铜质中含金,因为就算铜中加入金，炼出的成品也不可能呈金和铜分离的状态。

Xuande Furnace is the first brass casted in China. Its main raw material is "wind mill copper" of Siang Luo Jingong. It is a kind of natural brass, together with more than 30 raw materials such as Ni lead (ancient name of zinc), red copper, tin and mercury. After twelve smelting (at least six smelting), only four or two products per kilogram (sixteen or two) of raw material are obtained. Its copper quality is excellent, and unprecedented, it is turned into gold by hand tapping. The voice of stone can't be compared with any other instrument; it has the feeling of pressing hands, and its proportion is similar to gold, so many collectors think that Xuande stove contains gold. Some people think that the "snowflake gold" spot on the surface of some copper stoves is the reflection of gold in copper. "Snow gold" is a stain, not gold in copper, because even if gold is added to copper, the finished product can not be separated from gold.

古人讲宣德炉妙妙在皮色也：“宣炉妙在色，其色内融，从黯淡中发奇光，正如好女子，肌肤柔腻可掐”；“宣炉之妙，在宝色内涵，珠光外现，澹澹穆穆，而玉毫金粟隐跃于肤里之间，若以冰消之晨，夜光晶莹映彻，迥非他物可以比方也”。旧说宣德炉有五色，分别为佛经纸、栗壳、茄皮、棠梨、褐色，其中以佛经纸色为。”由于用料和制作工艺等多方面的因素，宣炉的颜色具有极为特殊的古朴大雅的韵味，这也是其能成为炉中的一个重要原因。

The ancients said that Xuande stove is the most wonderful in skin color: "Xuande stove is the most wonderful in color, its color melts in, from the dim to the wonderful light, just like a good woman, the skin is delicate and can be pinched"; "Xuande stove is wonderful, in the connotation of the precious color, the pearls appear outside, calm and mute, and the jade millions of golden millets are hidden in the skin, if the morning of ice disappears, the night glitters through, it is nothing else can be compared to it." The old Xuande stove has five colors, namely, Buddhist Scripture paper, chestnut shell, eggplant skin, tangli, brown, of which the color of Buddhist Scripture paper is the first. Because of many factors, such as material use and production technology, the color of Xuanhua furnace has a very special simple and elegant charm, which is also an important reason why it can become the best product in the furnace.

好的宣德铜炉存世量非常。一来中国的铜炉经过战争年代被熔来做子弹、破四旧那么多劫难，存世量本来就少；二来买宣德铜炉的人文化层次普遍都比较高，欣赏得了这种美的人，需要有很高的审美情趣，而能够达到他们这种审美需求的宣德铜炉数量少之又少，所以他们买下之后很少再出手，市场上买一件少一件。再加上很多藏家现在对铜炉的品位已经越来越高了，对铜炉的品鉴已经接近古代文人了，所以造成了宣德炉价值年年提升。Good Xuande copper stoves are scarce in stock. First, the copper stoves in China have been melted into bullets and broken into four old ones in the war years, and the stock of copper stoves is small. Second, the cultural level of people who buy Xuande copper stoves is generally relatively high. Those who appreciate this beauty need a high aesthetic taste, while the number of Xuande copper stoves that can meet their aesthetic needs is very small, so they seldom buy them again. Buy one less piece in the market. In addition, many Tibetans now have a higher and higher grade of copper stove, and the taste of copper stove has approached the ancient literati, so the value of Xuande stove has increased year by year.